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Study Group 1

Chapters 1-3

Patrick Lenahan 1-35 Michaela Cotton 36-75

1-5  Historians rely heavily on what archaeologists find, not just the myths and teachings that have been passed down throughout the times. The Jomon, who lived in southern Japan, survived much like other early civilizations, finding what they could in the environment.

Humans were first on all of the continents over 200,000 B.C.E.

In the paleolitihic age humans created the earliest forms of stone tools for their use.

Stone tools were found with the Homo Habilis fossil

6-10 When Homo Sapiens were found, they were thought to be tool users due to their enhanced brain.

The Purusha Sukta told of the 4 vedas, which explained the caste system in India.

Only female charms of the “Venus” statue were found, supporting the thesis that they were of ideal for feminine needs

The earliest burnt wood found was .2 million years ago around China

The first, and all the concluding major migrations of the Homo species were caused, or during a major climate shift.

11-15  Rapid brain growth was necessary for enough thought for speech and domestication, and the brain growth was needed in migrating, due to the need for survival.

Birds came from reptiles, reptiles came from dinosaurs, dinosaurs came from amphibians.

Candelabra and the “Noah’s Ark” model were the same in where, when and what date Homo Erectus evolved, and left Africa

Homo Sapiens sapiens first started in Africa, then migrated out to the closest places first, and the farthest continents after the ice age, due to the need for an ice bridge.

Marduk didn’t destroy a rebelling god and goddess.

16-20

The book of Genesis says that god created the earth and man all within one week, ending on a Sunday, and that’s why Sunday’s are holy days.

In the mid 1700’s, scientists gathered earth samples that says that the earth is millions of years old and that the ground got recycled, and some of the rocks remained.

Homo Sapiens 100,000 years ago look very similar on the atomic level as we do today.

The worlds first cities were a large group of hunter gatherers banded together for the greater good, while the rest of the people were off on their own doing their own thing still hunting and gathering.

Sumer was the earliest recorded empire, because they had the earliest written from of communication that could be passed down through the generations

21-25 The early cities of Sumer did not protect their walls efficiently because they didn’t see the need for intense protection because there were no opposing empires at the time

Sound instruments were used in the earliest types of war to get the moral of your soldiers up and to scare the other soldiers to show them that you are there, and you are ready to kill them all.

Early cities developed along major river systems due to the need for fertile soil, need for water, and easy travel and trade.

Mesopotamia was surrounded by all the other empires, because they were in the middle of everything.

When more and more people moved into one city, classes emerged and the separation of peoples started.

26-30  The early cities of Sumer did not protect their walls efficiently because they didn’t see the need for intense protection because there were no opposing empires at the time

Sound instruments were used in the earliest types of war to get the moral of your soldiers up and to scare the other soldiers to show them that you are there, and you are ready to kill them all.

Early cities developed along major river systems due to the need for fertile soil, need for water, and easy travel and trade.

Mesopotamia was surrounded by all the other empires, because they were in the middle of everything.

When more and more people moved into one city, classes emerged and the separation of peoples started.

31-35 Most experts think that in order to have primary urbanization, you need a food supply to provide for the masses. Hunting and gathering simply could not provide the amount of food that was necessary to feed the early cities.

The Neolithic age was the start of using of metals, and started around 9500 B.C.E. rather than the paleolithic era where there were stone tools, and was from 2.6 million years ago to 10,000 B.C.E.

Sumer was the earliest civilization, and was an example for many to come. They were the first to create a language, certain arts, and technologies which were the stepping stones for the rest of the world’s civilizations.

In Egypt, they couldn’t grow cotton because of the soil and conditions, they didn’t have any ways to produce linen, and limestone flakes were too hard to write on and carry around so the only option left was to use papyrus, which they had growing in abundance around the Nile river system.

Mohenjo Daro was one of the biggest cities in the early civilizations, peaking once at around 40,000 people living within it’s city walls.

36-40  Crafts of the Indus Valley people included pottery making, dyeing, metal working in bronze, and bead making. Jade came from the Himalayas, lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, etc; all of these items suggest an active interregional trade.

These excavations revealed a 4500-year-old city. The two cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had many urban designs and architectural features in common. Before these excavations, scholars had believe that the civilization had begun in the Ganges with the arrival of Aryan immigrants from Persia or central Asia.

The Rosetta Stone was found in 1799 by Napoleon’s officers on a branch of the Nile Delta. It was a large, black, basalt stone slab that was written in three different languages. The stone was issued by the Greek ruler of Egypt in 196 B.C.E.

Harappa is the city where excavations from the Indus River Valley were performed. It was located on the Indus River. The Indus civilization had its own language, but scholars have not been able to decipher it yet. The city has a citadel structure.

The four legacies of the Harappan civilization: First, the Aryan invaders were a nomadic group, who must have adopted at least some of the arts of settlement and civilizations of the natives. Second, the Aryans must have also learned methods of farming and animal husbandry from the Harappans. Third, a three-headed figure frequently appeared in Harappan seals. Finally, the Aryan caste system prescribed the people with whom they should associate with.

41-45  Nevertheless, we know less about the physical from of the Nile compared to that of Mesopotamia. This is because the Nile has washed away many ancient structures and eroded their foundations.

Sally Slocum, is an anthropologist, who in 1971, published one of the first feminist critiques of the current understanding of hominid evolution. She argued that a paper had put too much emphasis on aggressive behavior, while the she pointed out that gathering contributed more to group nutrition that hunting. She also point out that hunting took may have been used for gathering instead. Slocum also argued that the tasks of women were more strenuous, and that their tasks provoked more innovation.

Almost all paleoanthropologists and archaeologists now believe that Homo erectus appeared first in Africa and spread from there to Asia, and perhaps, to Europe between 1 to 2 millions years ago.

One theory is that modern humans defeated all other hominids through aggression, warfare, and murder. The second theory suggests interbreeding with other hominids. The last theory suggests that Homo sapiens sapiens competed with other hominids for resources, and that modern humans had won.

Remains of Neanderthals were found in Germany. Remains of Homo erectus have been found in Java, Indonesia. Fossils of Australopithecus africanus have been found in South Africa, as well as some remains of Homo erectus. In the Olduvai Gorge, in East Africa, the Leakeys discovered the fragments of Homo habilis. In Ethiopia, Lucy, the first Australopithecus afraensus had been discovered.

46-50 Fossils of Australopithecus africanus have been found in South Africa, as well as some remains of Homo erectus. In the Olduvai Gorge, in East Africa, the Leakeys discovered the fragments of Homo habilis. In Ethiopia, Lucy, the first Australopithecus afraensus had been discovered.

Linguist Noam Chomsky believes that a change took place within the organization of the brain that gave humans a new capacity for language.

For a millennium, from 3300 B.C.E. until 2350 B.C.E., the Sumerians lived in warring city-statesKish, Uruk, Ur, Nippur, Lagash, Umma, and dozens of smaller ones. The Akkadians took over the Sumerians in 2350 B.C.E.

The Sumerians were not the first to inhabit this land. Excavations of pottery show the earlier presence Mesopotamia of the Ubaids, a Semitic-speaking people, beginning about 4500 B.C.E. The Sumerians improved these peoples’ irrigation systems and did not use their language.

Sumerians traders carried merchandise by land, river, and sea, in the world’s first wheeled carts and sailboats, as well as by donkey caravan. Sumerians traded north, sailed into the Persian Gulf and along the Arabian Sea to the Indus River Valley.

51-55 Nomadic people usually made cave art and statuettes. Ceramics flourished because of the Agricultural Revolution, this is because farming had allowed people to do more art, like ceramics.

Pictograms, or picture representations date back to 3000 B.C.E., and cuneiform evolved from pictographic in 2400 B.C.E. In 650 B.C.E., Assyrian writing came, and Sumerian phonetic writing came last. (no time period is mentioned)

Thanks to the Rosetta Stone, we know a lot about the State and life of the Egyptians; however, much of the physical state of Egypt has been washed away by the Nile River. The Mesopotamians left much text and artifacts; historians have even been able to interpret the story, The Epic of Gilgamesh. The Indus Valley left language and artifacts, but scholars cannot decipher this ancient text. The Greeks left much philosophical and historic books that historians are able to interpret.

The Red Sea is located to the East, it separates Egypt from the Sinai Peninsula and India. The Upper Egypt was located in the South, and Lower Egypt was located North. Nubia is the area located directly below Egypt.

The Indus civilization had traces of settlements around 7000 B.C.E. The height of the Harappan civilization was from 2500 to 2000 B.C.E. The Indian Civilization cultivated cotton and used it as a fiber for clothing here before any other civilization.

56-60 Akhetaten was the name of King Amenhotep IV. King Amenhotep IV adopted a new monotheistic religion, he offered his devotion to a single diety---Aten, god of the Sun. He built a city named Akhetaten. The King also had Aten, his god, incorporated into the ancient texts of the Egyptians.

Charles Darwin is best known for his work in the theory of biological evolution. He observed different types of finches in the Galapagos Islands, and concluded that the environment species inhabit actually changes the animal to better suit it to the environment. His theories conflicted with many religions, and in a later version of his book, he offered that maybe this was the ultimate plan of the Creator.

In the eighteenth century, philosophers and scientists began to questions religious text. As early as 1856, traces of hominids have been found in various parts of the world. Most anthropologists and paleoanthropologists believe that Homo sapiens originated from Africa. Scientists began to study the DNA of remains, since about thirty years ago.

In 2350 B.C.E., Sargon, king of the city of Akkad, had conquered the Sumerians cities one by one, allowing the Semitic speaking Akkadians to overshadow the Sumerians.

Groups conquered Mesopotamia in this order: Ubaids, Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Hittites, Assyrians, Babylonians again, Achaeminid Persians, and Greeks under Alexander the Great.

61-65  The Sumerians invented cuneiform writing, which occurred around 2400 B.C.E. The Egyptians invented hieroglyphics. The Assyrians and the Babylonians had writing, but let it be known that they had inhabited Mesopotamia after the Sumerians.

Hierakonpolis was a city located along the Nile river, near the Pyramid Edfu. The first walled towns appeared here. The development of the city characterized the Nagada II culture. It did not have the form of a compact city, but it did have many urban functions. Trade occurred, and it housed a temple and prominent tombs for royalty.

The Sumerians invented writing. The earliest Sumerian scribes first used writing, beginning about 3300 B.C.E. for business purposes, to note the contents of commercial packages, the names of their owners, and to catalog information.

The Ubaid peoples had preceded the Sumerians. The Sumerians had controlled the region for about a millennium, from about 3300 B.C.E. until 2350 B.C.E. Alexander the Great had conquered the Achaeminid Persians who inhabited the region at the time.

Much of what we know about the ancient Sumerian imagination and world vision comes from its literary works. The Epic of Gilgamesh, the most famous of the remaining literature, weaves together a series of tales about the hero Gilgamesh. It tells about the gods and how Sumerians view their leaders. Law codes also provide insight about Sumerian values.

66-70 Horus is said to represent the north. Horus defeated Seth in battle and gave Osiris new life, this time as king and principal god of the underworld. Isis conceived Horus; so Horus is the son of Isis and Osiris. Horus, Isis, and Osiris were the three most popular Egyptian gods.

The Step pyramid at Saqqara and the Pyramid of Giza were built during the Old Kingdom. Egypt had never converted to Islam, and architecture had slowed down after the Old Kingdom Period. The increasing power of the Egyptian State had influenced the construction of monuments in the Old Kingdom. Old Kingdom rulers spent fortunes constructing these pyramid tombs to preserve their mummified bodies for the afterlife.

The birth of primary urbanization took place in these seven locations at very different times, with Mesopotamia the oldest at about 3300 B.C.E. and the Niger the most recent at about 400 C.E. Keep in mind that we always learn about Mesopotamia first, and usually Africa last.

Bronze was used as far back as the Indus River Valley Civilization. Throughout these chapters, there is no mention of the use of iron. Pottery has been used as early as the Sumerians and the Jomons. The plow and the cart were first used in ancient Egypt.

The Tigris River is located within the Fertile Crescent. The Iranian Plateau is located directly above/beside the Fertile Crescent. The Red Sea is right next to Egypt, which is a while away from the Fertile Crescent. The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers, which are located in the Fertile Crescent, connect directly to the Mediterranean Sea.

71-75 Egypt has been called the Gift of the Nile because outside the valley of that great river the country is a desert. The river provides natural irrigation along its banks and invites further man-mad irrigation to extend its waters to the east and to the west. It carried nutrient-rich silt that fertilized the land. Egypt traded up along the river as well as with other groups.

The Bronze Age is the time of technological breakthroughs of the first cities. These include advancing skills in metallurgy, and products of their craftsmanship in copper, tin, and their alloys abound in the archaeological excavations.

The peoples of the Fertile Crescent hunted gazelles and goats; they later domesticated the goat and the sheep. In Turkey, they added pigs and in the Mediterranean, there were cattle. Amerindians domesticated the llama, the guinea pig, and the turkey. Dogs were probably domesticated about 15,000 years ago.

The Sumerian government was based off of religion. Priests, as usual, held the most power. Ziggurats were only allowed for priests to live in. Rulers also gathered help from the priests because they were believed to be the messengers of the gods.

In southeast Asia and in tropical Africa, wild roots and tubers, including yams, were the staple crops. In the Vindhya Mountain areas of central India, rice was one among the first crops to be cultivated, about 5000 B.C.E.

The Sumerians invented cuneiform writing, which occurred around 2400 B.C.E. The Egyptians invented hieroglyphics. The Assyrians and the Babylonians had writing, but let it be known that they had inhabited Mesopotamia after the Sumerians.  Hierakonpolis was a city located along the Nile river, near the Pyramid Edfu. The first walled towns appeared here. The development of the city characterized the Nagada II culture. It did not have the form of a compact city, but it did have many urban functions. Trade occurred, and it housed a temple and prominent tombs for royalty.  The Sumerians invented writing. The earliest Sumerian scribes first used writing, beginning about 3300 B.C.E. for business purposes, to note the contents of commercial packages, the names of their owners, and to catalog information.  The Ubaid peoples had preceded the Sumerians. The Sumerians had controlled the region for about a millennium, from about 3300 B.C.E. until 2350 B.C.E. Alexander the Great had conquered the Achaeminid Persians who inhabited the region at the time.  Much of what we know about the ancient Sumerian imagination and world vision comes from its literary works. The Epic of Gilgamesh, the most famous of the remaining literature, weaves together a series of tales about the hero Gilgamesh. It tells about the gods and how Sumerians view their leaders. Law codes also provide insight about Sumerian values. Nevertheless, we know less about the physical from of the Nile compared to that of Mesopotamia. This is because the Nile has washed away many ancient structures and eroded their foundations.  Sally Slocum, is an anthropologist, who in 1971, published one of the first feminist critiques of the current understanding of hominid evolution. She argued that a paper had put too much emphasis on aggressive behavior, while the she pointed out that gathering contributed more to group nutrition that hunting. She also point out that hunting took may have been used for gathering instead. Slocum also argued that the tasks of women were more strenuous, and that their tasks provoked more innovation.  Almost all paleoanthropologists and archaeologists now believe that Homo erectus appeared first in Africa and spread from there to Asia, and perhaps, to Europe between 1 to 2 millions years ago.  One theory is that modern humans defeated all other hominids through aggression, warfare, and murder. The second theory suggests interbreeding with other hominids. The last theory suggests that Homo sapiens sapiens competed with other hominids for resources, and that modern humans had won.  Remains of Neanderthals were found in Germany. Remains of Homo erectus have been found in Java, Indonesia. Fossils of Australopithecus africanus have been found in South Africa, as well as some remains of Homo erectus. In the Olduvai Gorge, in East Africa, the Leakeys discovered the fragments of Homo habilis. In Ethiopia, Lucy, the first Australopithecus afraensus had been discovered. Crafts of the Indus Valley people included pottery making, dyeing, metal working in bronze, and bead making. Jade came from the Himalayas, lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, etc; all of these items suggest an active interregional trade.  These excavations revealed a 4500-year-old city. The two cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had many urban designs and architectural features in common. Before these excavations, scholars had believe that the civilization had begun in the Ganges with the arrival of Aryan immigrants from Persia or central Asia.  The Rosetta Stone was found in 1799 by Napoleon’s officers on a branch of the Nile Delta. It was a large, black, basalt stone slab that was written in three different languages. The stone was issued by the Greek ruler of Egypt in 196 B.C.E.  Harappa is the city where excavations from the Indus River Valley were performed. It was located on the Indus River. The Indus civilization had its own language, but scholars have not been able to decipher it yet. The city has a citadel structure.  The four legacies of the Harappan civilization: First, the Aryan invaders were a nomadic group, who must have adopted at least some of the arts of settlement and civilizations of the natives. Second, the Aryans must have also learned methods of farming and animal husbandry from the Harappans. Third, a three-headed figure frequently appeared in Harappan seals. Finally, the Aryan caste system prescribed the people with whom they should associate with. The early cities of Sumer did not protect their walls efficiently because they didn’t see the need for intense protection because there were no opposing empires at the time  Sound instruments were used in the earliest types of war to get the moral of your soldiers up and to scare the other soldiers to show them that you are there, and you are ready to kill them all.  Early cities developed along major river systems due to the need for fertile soil, need for water, and easy travel and trade.  Mesopotamia was surrounded by all the other empires, because they were in the middle of everything.  When more and more people moved into one city, classes emerged and the separation of peoples started. Rapid brain growth was necessary for enough thought for speech and domestication, and the brain growth was needed in migrating, due to the need for survival.  Birds came from reptiles, reptiles came from dinosaurs, dinosaurs came from amphibians.  Candelabra and the “Noah’s Ark” model were the same in where, when and what date Homo Erectusevolved, and left Africa  Homo Sapiens sapiens first started in Africa, then migrated out to the closest places first, and the farthest continents after the ice age, due to the need for an ice bridge.  Marduk didn’t destroy a rebelling god and goddess. Historians rely heavily on what archaeologists find, not just the myths and teachings that have been passed down throughout the times.  The Jomon, who lived in southern Japan, survived much like other early civilizations, finding what they could in the environment.  Humans were first on all of the continents over 200,000 B.C.E.  In the paleolitihic age humans created the earliest forms of stone tools for their use.  Stone tools were found with the Homo Habilis fossil Historians rely heavily on what archaeologists find, not just the myths and teachings that have been passed down throughout the times.  The Jomon, who lived in southern Japan, survived much like other early civilizations, finding what they could in the environment.  Humans were first on all of the continents over 200,000 B.C.E.  In the paleolitihic Historians rely heavily on what archaeologists find, not just the myths and teachings that have been passed down throughout the times.  The Jomon, who lived in southern Japan, survived much like other early civilizations, finding what they could in the environment.  Humans were first on all of the continents over 200,000 B.C.E.   In the paleolitihic age humans created the earliest forms of stone tools for their use.  Stone tools were found with the Homo Habilis fossil

Study Group #1 1A
Danielle Naldoza #1-19

Alisa Laconsay #39-57


 * 1) 1 In history, before writings, humans relied upon stories, usually religious for historical evidence to study
 * 2) 2 the Jomon people of Japan relied on their skills in hunting, fishing and gathering to sustain their civilization
 * 3) 3 Homo sapiens were fully established in all of the continents in 15,000 B.C.E. except for Antarctica
 * 4) 4 During the modern age we have the technologies as of now. The Paleolithic age was when the tools were primitive and made of stone and bones. The iron age was when the tools were made of iron…. -___-
 * 5) 5 Habilis is related to stone tool use
 * 6) 6 Tools were used by the homo sapiens
 * 7) 7 Purusa-sakta did not set humans apart from nature, is not a myth from Akkad culture, does not holds that humans are not subject to the laws of the universe.
 * 8) 8 Many of the early female statues were resembling the goddess of fertility to help the society flourish
 * 9) 9 fire was used 30,000 years ago by homo sapiens
 * 10) 10 Global migration was because of many climate changes that they had to adapt to
 * 11) 11 homo sapiens had a more developed brain to invent new tools
 * 12) 12 early frogs, toads, etc happened first
 * 13) 13 these models show where humans began to settle
 * 14) 14 Polynesia were islands that were hard to get to until the invention of boats
 * 15) 15 A) It is the creation myth of the people of Akkad, It probably dates to about 2000 B.C.E., A rebelling god and goddess were destroyed by Marduk were true of the Enuma Elish
 * 16) 16 The book of genesis states that God created the world in 6 days and humans were last and the best of His creations which He made in His image
 * 17) 17 because of all of the creation myths scientist usually question whether plants and animals were separately created
 * 18) 18 homo sapiens first appeared in the archaeological record about 400,000 years ago but their anatomy has changed slightly
 * 19) 19 Early civilizations relied on finding their foods by hunting and finding vegetables to sustain their civilization

39) The Harappan civilization: The Harappan civilization was located along the Indus River valley. We don't know if the Harappan civilization developed urban institutions for governance, trade, or religion. They developed a language, but it has not yet been deciphered. A) was based along the Ganges river. B) had a strong central government. C) had a language, but it has not yet been deciphered. D) was centered on one large city: Harappa.

40) Which of the following is NOT one of the four legacies of Harappa described in the text? The Aryan invaders did adopt some of the Indus Valley agriculture techniques, settlement characteristics, and some of their religious ideas. A) Aryan invaders nearly completely destroyed the Indus valley civilization. B) Aryan invaders adopted some of the Indus valley agricultural techniques. C) Aryan invaders adopted some of the settlement characteristics of the Indus valley civilization. D) Aryan invaders may have adopted some religious ideas of the Indus valley civilization.

41) We know less about ancient Egyptian cities when compared with ancient Mesopotamian cities primarily because the Egyptian cities were: Comparing the Egyptian cities to ancient Mesopotamian cities we know less because the Egyptian cities were bulit at a different time than the Mesopotamian cities. A) destroyed by the Nile River. B) few and far between. C) changed so drastically by the British in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. D) destroyed by war. 42) Anthropologist Sally Slocum: Sally Slocum pointed out that gathering contributed more to group nutrition rather than hunting. A) stresses the prime importance of gathering in the evolution of hominids. B) waited until the 1990s to present her feminist critique of anthropology. C) thinks that answers are what is important, not the questions the answers are based on. D) thought that hunting was of no significant relevance to hominid evolution. 43) Most archaeologists and paleoanthropologists believe: The first appearance of the Homo Erectus was in Africa. A) Homo erectus evolved into Homo sapiens in several regions. B) Homo erectus first appeared in Africa. C) Homo erectus evolved into Homo sapiens only on the African continent. D) Homo erectus first appeared in western Europe.

44) Which of the following is NOT a reason put forth in the text for the disappearance of Neanderthals? Neanderthals did war with themselves and drove themselves to extinction and they also interbred with the homo sapiens sapiens. A) Neanderthals warred with each other and drove themselves to extinction. B) Neanderthals interbred with Homo sapiens sapiens. C) Homo sapiens sapiens out-competed Neanderthals for resources. D) Homo sapiens sapiens destroyed the Neanderthals through violence. 45) The remains of Homo sapiens have been found throughout: Africa was the first excavation of Homo Sapiens, which lead onto more excavations throughout Java and Eurasia. Eurasia was the most recent excavation sight. A) Java. B) Africa. C) Australia. D) Eurasia.

46) Fossil remains of the earliest direct human ancestors, Australopithecus and Homo habilis, have been found only in: There have been no sights of the earliest direct human ancestors, Australopithecus and Homo habilis in Western Europe, Austrailia, and Asia. A) Western Europe. B) Australia. C) Africa. D) Asia.

47) Linguist Noam Chomsky argues that the ability to use language is: Linguist Noam Chomsky did not argue that the ability to use language is based upon genetics, learning from the environment, or a gift from the gods. A) genetic. B) learned from parents. C) learned from the environment. D) a gift of the gods. 48) Which of the following is NOT a Sumerian city-state? Akkad, Kish and Uruk are all Sumerian city-states. A)Akkad B) Lagash C) Kish D) Uruk 49) Although the Sumerians did not speak Semitic, their use of Semitic names suggests: Sumerians were once rules by semitic-speaking people. A) that they had migrated from a Semitic speaking region. B) their language had evolved from Semitic. C) they had been ruled at one time by a Semitic-speaking people. D) Semitic-speaking people may have preceded them in the area.

50) Sumerian trade: The Sumers traded with other civilizations along the Indus River Valley. A) primarily involved trading surplus Sumerian foodstuffs and products for gold and silver. B) extended as far as the Indus valley. C) never made significant use of the boat. D) Relied entirely on donkey caravan.

51) The use of ceramics is usually an indicator that the owners were: Nomadic people were people who moved with their food and vauleable things. Usually, people who were relatively unskilled, they wouldn't know how to create ceramics. Traders were trading ceramics to other people. A) village dwellers. B) relatively unskilled. C) nomadic. D) traders. 52) Which type of writing occurred first? Cuneiform was the first to appear. A) Assyrian writing B) cuneiform writing C) phonetic writing D) pictographic writing

53) Scholars know the least about this civilization: Scholars have more knowledge of the Nile valley, Greek city-states, and the Indus Valley. A) Nile valley B) Greek city-states C) Tigris-Euphrates valley D) Indus valley

54) In ancient Egypt: Pyramids were indigenous to Egypt. A) the Red Sea was to the north. B) most pyramids were located near the fifth cataract. C) Nubia was to the south. D) Upper Egypt was to the north.

55) The Indus valley civilization: The Indus valley had a great agricultural system. A) made little use of agricultural practices. B) reached its apex around 1000 B.C.E. C) built numerous temples and palaces. D) began around 7000 B.C.E.

56) Akhetaten: Akhetaten was the capital city of King Akhenaten. Akhetaten was a great civilization and made an impact on Egypt. A) was the site of worship of the sun god Aten. B) is considered the best representative of the typical Egyptian city of its day. C) was built by the pharaoh Ramses II. D) was used as a capital for nearly 800 years.

57) Charles Darwin: Charles Darwin founded the process called "natural selection" A) acknowledged that there was a "Creator". B) refused to acknowledge that Alfred Russel Wallace had any useful ideas on evolution. C) based his ideas on evolution on data he gathered while traveling in southeast Asia. D) argued that teleology was an integral part of all life.