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Study Group 2a. 1A

Chapters 4-6

Hamza Khalid 1-50 Bella Ferrari 51-100

1-5

1. Olmec People were known to have centralized authority, carvings of giant stone heads and jade animals. Teotihuacán’s lived within the valley of Mexico, had a major cultural and trading center and contains the Pyramid of the Sun. Aztecs were known for their architecture, textiles, and complex sacred calendars. Mayans were the most enduring civilization and known to be superb astronomers who smelted metal tools, built step pyramids, and developed hieroglyphics. 2. Roman armies controlled all of Italy south of the Po valley. Conquered people were known to of gotten slack from Roman government. Rome had a concept of subsequent expansion, meaning they seized lands wherever they saw weakness. 3.Sargon founded the Akkadian dynasty, which ruled the Fertile Crescent for a century. 4. Solon ended the monopoly for public office held by the Athenian hereditary aristocracy. He allowed all free men to participation and voting in the decision making assembly, but only allowed people with high income to fulfill roles of higher public office. Abolished the practice of enslaving people to pay off their debts. Through all the warfare and strife, ideals of Solon had survived and been carried out by new rulers. 5. The three P’s of war.

6-10

6. Philip II was dead before Alexander’s Empire Was destroyed. Ptolemy ruled through Greek and Macedonian elite. Seleucus was governor of Babylon when the empire split up. Thebes was a rebel city which was capture and destroyed by Alexander himself. 7. Stone tools have been discovered in Mexico, which date back to 6700 BCE. Mesoamerica and South America had few Established trade routes, but both share many similarities. The first cities of the Americas share many similar characteristics and was centered on shamans, and individuals who had special powers to communicate with the spirit world. 8. The barbarians only had one prominent city, Carthage. Carthaginians spoke Latin. Took offense by land by marching tens of thousands of troops and 37 elephants. 9. The angles, Saxons, and Jutes invaded Britain. Goths slowly formed their own states in Imperial territory and slowly migrated westward into Roman territory. Goths began to work with richer deposits of iron resulting in better products. 10. The Etruscan kings were driven out and Rome was transformed into a Republic, in which a body of citizens votes for individuals as representatives. Christians were prosecuted and killed if found within the Roman Empire. Pagans were executed within the Roman empire.

11-15

11. The Saxons sailed across the English channel to Britain, where they became a substantial part of the population. 12. Darius renewed the irrigation system of Mesopotamia and built maintained and guarded imperial roads that stretched 1,700 miles. Persia lost 6,400 men in the battle of Marathone while Athens lost 192. 13. The center of transportation and goods at the time. 14. Cyrus chose to rule in the name of the Babylonian god Marduk. Darius was a follower of the teacher Zarathustra. 15. Oracle bones were bones of birds, animals, and turtle shells. Oracle bones provide inscriptions of Sima Qian’s accounts early leaders. Oracle bones came to light in the 1890s and early 1900s. Found in antique markets in China at first

16-20

16. Mounds resemble those of Mexican cities and suggest interchange between two regions. The largest temple of mounds held a population of 10,000 in the city and 38,000 in the twelfth and thirteenth century. These towns are not among the seven sites of primary urbanization. 17. Monophysites believe that Jesus was divine in nature, not human. 18. Bantu carried their language, settled way of life and their metallurgical skills to the southern tip of Africa. 19. Zeus was King of the Gods. Apollo was god of the sun. Ares’s Roman name is Mars. Bacchus and Dionysus are gods of wine. 20. Sargon lead the Akkadians to victories over cities of Sumer. The empire of Sargon stretch from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea.

21-25

21. Mesopotamia was centered on Lagash and Uma. Could not reach political accommodation among them. Constantly argued for land and prestige and waterways. 22. 250 B.C.E – Roman conquest of Cisalpine Gaul. 150 B.C.E – Carthage destroyed. 100 B.C.I Sulla Conquers Greece. 23. Muhammad – Prophet of Islam. Moses – Judaism. Gilgamesh – fictional character, tall tale. 24. Justinian Legal code was spread by Justinian himself. The Roman Empire has western characteristics. Constantinople and Rome were two completely different empires. 25. In 509 B.C the Etruscan king was driven out. 753 BC was the date in which Rome was founded.

26-30

26. Alexander the great’s empire ended when he died in India of certain causes. 27. Some of the regional administrative units, or satraps, were locally elite and some were Persian. 28. Aristotle was taught by Plato. The citizen had obligations to the state for all the benefits he received from it, but he had no right to claim against the power of the state. 29. The golden Age was a great age in Athenian culture for the arts and culture. 30. The most exemplary of the leaders who tried to achieve equity for Rome’s poorer citezens were the reforming Gracchi brothers.

31-35

31. Her revolt lasted only a few years and in 273 Aurelian defeated her. 32. Keep thyself then simple, good, pure, serious, free from affectation, a friend of justice, a worshipper of the gods, and help men. 33. The first cities in the yellow river valley regions date from as early as 1700 BCE. 34. the most famous Indian epics were the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, part of the Mahabharata is called the Bhagavad-Gita or song of god. 35. Valerian and Trajan were not part of the Flavian dynasty, nor was the first emperor named ofter the dynasty.

36-40

36. The Mayan empire and Toltec empire had fallen around the same time. 37. For purposes of the war, Athens had assembled its principle allies into the Delian League. 38. Rome had taxes which supported the military and political systems. 39. The Ruling classes were never as isolated and alienated from the common people as in the west. 40. A cosmic theory of the world as a rational, well-ordered, and coherent system. Humans should accept without joy or grief, free from passion, everything that takes place in the world.

41-45

41. He had the roman system of Civil law codified into four great works known collectively as the Justinian Code. 42. The Roman Empire ruled between 70 million and 100 million people of vastly diverse ethnic, racial and religious roots. Geographically extended from Scotland to the Persian Gulf. 43. Plebians were those without longstanding hereditariness to the state. 44. Alexander died during the time which him and his troops were fighting the people of the Indus valley. 45. empires grew mostly by controlling and taking over others.

46-50

46. Hannibal invaded Italy during the first Punic war, Egypt was annexed, and the Sullans conquered Greece. 47. Thucydides claims Athens as power politics and reports about the Athenian ultimatum ordering the people of the island of Melos to Submit to Athenian authority. 48. Imperial dominance is when a ruler or emperor used their sheer power to enforce rule and ideals. 49. Rome was considered the sister city to the byzantine capital which is located between the Aegean Sea and Black Sea. 50. The Bantu traveled to south Africa dude to the hot desert environment in their original location.